“On the boundless Eastern pasture…
…the shepherd is indispensable. With us sheep are often left to themselves. I do not remember to have seen in the East a flock without a shepherd. In such a landscape as Judea, where a day’s pasture is thinly scattered over an unfenced tract, covered with delusive paths, still frequented wild beasts, and rolling into the desert, the man and his character is indispensable.… Sometimes we enjoyed our noonday rest beside one of those Judean wells, to which three or four shepherds come down with their flocks. The flocks mixed with each other, and we wondered how each shepherd would get his own again. But after the watering and the playing were over, the shepherds one by one went up different sides of the valley, and each called out his peculiar call; and the sheep of each drew out of the crowd to their own shepherd and the flocks passed as orderly as they came”
(G. A. Smith, Historical Geography of the Holy Land, 25th ed. [London: Fontana] 210—11).